A Literature review on Why Animals Cannot Acquire Human Language

Abstract

The objective of this study is to comprehend the underlying factors that preclude the acquisition of human language by animals. To this end, a comprehensive review of experiments conducted on parrots and anthropoid apes has been undertaken. The research employs a qualitative approach, underpinned by a literature review method, with a focus on the cognitive and neurological functions of animals in the context of communication. The primary data have been sourced from a range of previous studies, including but not limited to: Irene Pepperberg’s long-term experiment with the African grey parrot Alex; the Gua project by Robert Yerkes; and the research conducted by the Kellogg family, as well as William Henry Furness III’s research on chimpanzees and orangutans. The findings demonstrate that while certain animals possess the capacity to imitate human sounds, respond to verbal commands, and comprehend specific concepts, their communication cannot be categorised as language. It has been demonstrated that parrots such as Alex and Cosmo have the capacity to associate words with objects and express simple intentions. However, their ability remains constrained by imitation and associative learning. In a similar manner, anthropoid apes such as Gua exhibited marked intelligence and responsiveness. However, due to anatomical and  neurological limitations,  they were unable to produce human-like speech. In conclusion, it can be posited that language is a complex result of human cognitive evolution that involves symbolic thinking, abstract reasoning, and social awareness. While animals may communicate with apparent efficacy, they lack the neurological and anatomical systems that are the hallmark of true language. The present findings indicate that language functions not only as a medium for communication but also as a distinctive manifestation of human consciousness and thought.