Integrating Human Security and Paradiplomacy in the Sustainable Development of the Bojonegoro Petroleum Geopark

Abstract

This study investigated the integration of human security dimensions within the development framework of the Bojonegoro Geopark in East Java. The research explored the complex socio ecological and political dynamics shaping the geopark, particularly focusing on traditional petroleum mining in Wonocolo, the cultural preservation of the Samin community, and the implementation of global transparency norms through local governance. The study employed a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative in depth interviews and thematic analysis with quantitative environmental assessments, including groundwater sampling analyzed via inverse distance weighted interpolation. The findings revealed critical environmental and health security threats in the Wonocolo geosite, where cadmium concentrations in groundwater significantly exceeded permissible health standards due to crude oil seepage in a highly vulnerable karst landscape. Furthermore, the economic security of traditional miners remained precarious, as communities prioritized short term physiological needs over long term sustainability.

Conversely, the socio cultural security of the Samin community demonstrated robust local participation, although balancing cultural authenticity with tourism driven economic interests remained challenging. Paradiplomatic efforts through the Open Government Partnership successfully enhanced institutional transparency, providing a crucial mechanism for mitigating the resource curse. The study concluded that achieving sustainable development within the Bojonegoro Geopark necessitates inclusive governance, culturally sensitive management, and stringent ecological regulations to harmonize resource utilization with comprehensive human security imperatives.